Tugas Softskill Style of Business Letters

Nama  : Arjuna Ryan Shakti W

NPM  : 21113382

Kelas  : 4KB01 

STYLE OF BUSINESS LETTERS

The Styles of Business Letters (Layouts of Business Letters) have undergone changes over the period of time. In the old times, the style was followed strictly. But recently liberty has been given to the business people to follow their own styles. Although no room was allowed for deviation form the standard form an effective letter during old days, the letters written then was more effective. There are still many business houses which use the old layout. But things have become much easier and business people have taken liberty in their approach towards adopting the layout of their business letters.

1.         Fully-Indented Style

2.         Semi-Indented Style

3.         Hanging-Indented Style

4.         Fully-Blocked Style

5.         Modified Block Style

6.         Simplified Style

7.         Memorandum

Fully-Blocked Style, Modified Block Style and Simplified Style are widely used these days among the business houses. Fully-Indented Style, Semi-Indented Style and Hanging-Indented Style are not extensively used. But all can be used by all. There is no restriction in using one style over others. It is only you who should decide which should be the best for you to bring the desired results.

Usually the business letters are written on the letter head of the company. In case you have to write your letter in a white paper, please write your address before you start writing your letter. There are few people who suggest writing the sender’s address just below the date. This is also acceptable. There is not strict rule to suggest what is best for you. Let your sense of business judgment rule.

       1.      Fully-Indented Style

This is a sample letter written in Fully-Indented Style.

The Far East Paper Co. SDN BHD

3451, Jalan 13/35,

65/D-76 : Modern Street,

87212 Singapore.

Phone : 5635 78724132

Fax : 5635 78724133

Your Reference :________Our Reference :________Date : 5 June 2007

Mr. John Mark,

152, Bunget Lodge,

      23, Jalan Street,

           87123 Singapore.

Dear Mr. Mark,

Fully-Indented Style

This letter has used the fully indented style. The recipient’s name

and address and the paragraphs of the body of the letter are indented five spaces. In few cases more spaces are used. The typists will decide the space level.

The subject of the letter is types just 2 lines below the salutations

at the center. The difference between 2 paragraphs will be 2 lines.

The complimentary closing is typed at the center 2 lines just below

the body of the letter. The signature is written five line-spaces below the complimentary closing. Although this style looks beautiful, this style is not widely used these days. Because typing a letter in this style requires many keyboard strokes, this style is avoided.

Yours Sincerely,

M.K. Khoom,

Managing Director

GHF : OKW

       2.      Semi-Indented Style

This is a sample letter written in Semi-Indented Style.

The Far East Paper Co. SDN BHD

3451, Jalan 13/35,

65/D-76 : Modern Street,

87212 Singapore

Phone : 5635 78724132

Fax : 5635 78724133

Your Reference :

Our Reference :

Date : 5 June 2007

Mr. John Mark,

152, Bunget Lodge,

23, Jalan Street,

87123 Singapore.

Dear Mr. Mark,

Semi-Indented Style

This style is quite different from the fully-indented style. In this

style, the recipient’s address is not indented. The recipient’s address is typed flushed on the left-hand side of the letter. The signature is also not indented.

This style is also not used widely these days. Since the companies

want to get their letters types in very short time, they started using computer generated methods. As fully-indented style, this style also takes more time to type the letters. So, the typists themselves started to avoid these styles.

Yours Sincerely,

For The Far East Paper Co. SDN BHD

M.K. Khoom,

Managing Partner

GHF : OKW

       3.      Hanging-Indented Style

This is a sample letter written in Hanging-Indented Style.

Rajan Carpets

3451, Jalan 13/35,

65/D-76 : Modern Street,

87212 Singapore.

Phone : 5635 78724132

Fax : 5635 78724133

8th April 1988

Mr. John Mark,

152, Bunget Lodge,

23, Jalan Street,

87123 Singapore.

Dear Mr. John Mark,

Hanging-Indented Style

This very useful style places the first words of each paragraph prominently on the page. It is useful for letters that deal with a variety of different topics. However, for normal business communications, this style is very rarely used.

The first line of the paragraph begins at the left-hand margin. And the other lines of the same paragraph are indented three to four spaces. This is the reversal of semi-indented style discussed in other page.

Yours Sincerely,

Rajan Carpets

M.K. Khoom,

Managing Partner

GHF : OKW

       4.      Fully-Blocked Style

This is a sample letter written in Fully-Blocked Style.

Modern Office Equipment Co. Ltd.

98 – 100 Anna Salai

Cennai – 600002

India

Telephone : 044 26152766

Fax : 044 26152767

6th June 2001

The Manager

ABC Computer Stores

23 North Usman Road

T. Nager

Chennai – 600018

Telephone : 044 26156782

Fax : 044 26156780

Dear Sir,

Fully-Blocked Style

This style is widely used across the globe. This style does not use any indent at all. Every single line is typed from the left-hand side. Since this style demands less number of keystrokes, this style increases the speed of the typist.

Even for computer typing, this style is more convenient. Note that this style does not use comma after every line in the address. This is also reducing the number keystrokes required. But the proper punctuations are added properly.

Yours faithfully,

M.N. Ashok Nathan

Assistant Manager

Production

GHA : OOK

       5.      Modified Block Style

This is a sample letter written in Modified Block Style.

Justrust Insurance Co. Ltd.

WISWA COMPLEX

456, North Usman Road

T.Nager

Chennai 600008

Telephone : 044 67894520

Fax : 044 67894521

10th November 2009

Miss Linda Nancy

3010 Jalal Street

90, Tamara

Chennai 600012

Telephone : 044 67894871

Fax : 044 67894873

Dear Miss Nancy,

Modified Block Style

This style is similar to the fully-blocked style. It differs in the positioning of few items. The date is typed on the right-hand side of the page rather than the left-hand side of the page as followed in the fully-blocked style. The subject of the letter and the signature and the name and the designation of the sender are centered.

These modifications give the letter a balanced appearance. However this is not the only way to modify the fully-blocked style. You may want to place other items in different places.

Yours Sincerely,

John McDonald

Marketing Executive

JA : mom

       6.      Simplified Style

This is a sample letter written in Simplified Style.

Modern Office Equipment Co. Ltd.

98 – 100 Anna Salai

Cennai – 600002

India

Telephone : 044 26152766

Fax : 044 26152767

6th June 2001

The Manager

ABC Computer Stores

23 North Usman Road

T. Nager

Chennai – 600018

Telephone : 044 26156782

Fax : 044 26156780

SIMPLIFIED STYLE

This is another modification of the fully-blocked style. This style is used when you write a letter and you do not know the name and title of the person to whom you are writing the letter. The salutation and the complimentary closing are used in this style. The subject is mentioned din capital fonts and that subject need not be underlined.

Today around all the business houses, this style is widely used when the writer of the letters does not want to give importance to formality. Since the formality is not adopted here, this style goes to the heart of the addressee. This style give more importance only to the core matter of the letter.

M.N. Ashok Nathan

Assistant Manager

Production

GHA : OOK

       7.      Memorandum

To : John Mark

From : Aravind Swami

Date : 5th July 2008

Re : Branch Supplies

The memorandum (or memo) is primarily used as an inter-office letter. That means memorandum is used to send letters from one person to another who are working in the same company. This adopts, sometimes, business letter style. At the top left-side of the memo, the sender’s name, the recipient’s name, the date and the subject matter are mentioned.

The body of the memo is in blocked form. The signatory will be very near to the center of the page below the body of the letter. Any other additional information will be written at the bottom left-side of the page.

Aravind Swami

AA : kmn

c.c. : Ashok Kumar and Ravindran

BIBLIOGRAPHY

[1] Effective-business-letters.com. (2016). Styles of Business Letters : Effective Business Letters. [online] Available at: http://www.effective-business-letters.com/Styles-of-Business-Letters-A.html [Accessed 8 Nov. 2016].

[2] Effective-business-letters.com. (2016). Fully Indented Style : Effective Business Letters. [online] Available at: http://www.effective-business-letters.com/Fully-Indented-Style.html [Accessed 8 Nov. 2016].

[3] Effective-business-letters.com. (2016). Semi Indented Style : Effective Business Letters. [online] Available at: http://www.effective-business-letters.com/Semi-Indented-Style.html [Accessed 8 Nov. 2016].

[4] Effective-business-letters.com. (2016). Hanging Indented Style : Effective Business Letters. [online] Available at: http://www.effective-business-letters.com/Hanging-Indented-Style.html [Accessed 8 Nov. 2016].

[5] Effective-business-letters.com. (2016). Fully Blocked Style : Effective Business Letters. [online] Available at: http://www.effective-business-letters.com/Fully-Blocked-Style.html [Accessed 8 Nov. 2016].

[6] Effective-business-letters.com. (2016). Modified Blocked Style : Effective Business Letters. [online] Available at: http://www.effective-business-letters.com/Modified-Blocked-Style.html [Accessed 8 Nov. 2016].

[7] Effective-business-letters.com. (2016). Simplified Style : Effective Business Letters. [online] Available at: http://www.effective-business-letters.com/Simplified-Style.html [Accessed 8 Nov. 2016].

[8] Effective-business-letters.com. (2016). Memorandum : Effective Business Letters. [online] Available at: http://www.effective-business-letters.com/Memorandum.html [Accessed 8 Nov. 2016].

Tugas Softskill Part of Business Letters

Nama  : Arjuna Ryan Shakti W
NPM  : 21113382
Kelas  : 4KB01

Business Letter
A business letter is usually a letter from one company to another, or between such organizations and their customers, clients and other external parties. The overall style of letter depends on the relationship between the parties concerned. Business letters can have many types of contents, for example to request direct information or action from another party, to order supplies from a supplier, to point out a mistake by the letter's recipient, to reply directly to a request, to apologize for a wrong, or to convey goodwill. A business letter is sometimes useful because it produces a permanent written record, and may be taken more seriously by the recipient than other forms of communication

PART OF BUSINESS LETTER

1. Heading (or) Letterhead

Many business houses use their unique letterhead (Heading) which can be used to write your business letters. When you use the letterhead of the company in which you are working, your letter carry authenticity. The Letterhead of the company is unique for each company. The emblem of your company might have been printed there in that letterhead. Few situations might arise in which you could not write your business letters in the letterhead of your company. Or your company may not have its letterhead. In such situations, it is better to include your address in the heading according to the style you follow. There are many styles of business letters. You have to choose one of your taste. Although adding the name of your company is not must, it is better to add it in your address.

The Letterhead with the name of the sender, designation of the sender and the name of the company :
Clinton M.N.,
Marketing Manager,
Infosys Tech.,
1762, Jalan Bandar,
Narimon Point,
Mumbai – 400012
Phone : 022 56267322
FAX : 022 56267323

The Letterhead only with the name of the sender :
Clinton M.N.,
1762, Jalan Bandar,
Narimon Point,
Mumbai – 400012
Phone : 022 56267322
FAX : 022 56267323

2. Reference (or) File Number

This reference number of the business letter (file number of the business letter) is useful to refer to the previous letters which are related to the current letter. The recipient will refer those old letters for relevant matters. Although this is not necessary, adding the reference number is advisable in many cases. Adequate space might have been provided for this reference number in the letterhead. Depending upon the layout of the business letter that you are adopting, you should add the reference number in the appropriate space provided for it. So, all these things make it simple to simply type the reference number.

3. Date of The Letter

Date of The Letter should be mentioned in every letter. Either the left-hand side or the right-hand side can be used to add the date of the letter. Both sides are acceptable. But writing the date on the left-hand side of the letterhead is mostly practised among the business people. The date can be written in various formats. The formats which are widely used are…
12 January 2010
12th January 2010
12 Jan 2010
12th Jan 2010
12.01.2010
12/01/2010
12.01.10
12/01/10
The last four formats are quite confusing, because they are not followed in USA where the date is written in either one of the first formats.
12.01.2010
12/01/2010
12.01.10
12/01/10
These four formats are widely used in UK, India, Pakistan, Malaysia, Singapore and other Asian countries.
12 January 2010
12th January 2010
These formats are commonly used in USA.

4. Private and Confidential

PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL

Type these words on the left-hand side just above the Recipient’s Address in capital fonts as written above. This means that the letter should be opened and read only by the addressee. That means that this letter contains some important and confidential matter which others should not read. By typing these words, I make it clear that others have no business with the letter.
And do not forget to type or write these words on the envelope so that the person who happens to take the letter will not open the letter.
In case, you do not put any confidential matter in your letter, you need not use these words either inside or outside the letter.

5. Recipient’s Address (Style of Address)

The Style of Address is the address of the person to whom you are writing the letter. His/her name, his/her title (if relevant), the name and the address of the company in which he/she is working should be included in this address. The style of address is also called Inside Address or Recipient’s Address or TO Address.
This address should be written in the left-hand side of the letterhead.
Mr. Hendry Hun,
Financial Manager,
Petrotech Company Ltd.,
762 : Jalan Madhir,
90812 Kuala Lumpur.

Before writing this, you should choose the correct form of writing your letter. The postal code of the town in which the recipient is should be added. You should be aware of the different ways of writing the postal codes which are used in different countries. By adding the correct form of the postal codes, you will make an impressive letter. Few countries use short forms for their states or counties or territories. You should add the same form of abbreviations so as to make your letter informed of what is the custom there.
A letter without the correct postal codes is treated shoddily. You should fold your letter in such a way that the address of the receiver should appear in the window of the envelope which you use. While using the title of the person, do not use Esq. This should never be used in front of Mr. Mrs. Dr. and Miss. You can write Mr. Hendry Hun, Dr. Hendry Hun or Hendry Hun Esq. You should not write Mr. Hendry Hun Esq. If that person is a surgeon, then he/she should be referred to as Mr. not as Dr.
Esq. should not be used together with Mr. Mrs. Dr. and Miss. Use Miss. Mrs. or Madam when addressing woman. These days women prefer to be addressed with Ms.
Messrs. should be used for addressing a partnership company unless the name of the business begins with THE or the title of the person.
Messrs. S.T. Raman & Bros.,
The One-Stop Music Stores,
Sir Ronald Stevens & Co.,

Messrs. should never be used for limited companies.
SRM SDN BHD,
Chennai Textiles Pvt. Ltd.,
OHM Wools Pvt. Ltd.,


6. Attention Line

The attention line is used to indicate that the letter is supposed to be ready for any particular person or particular department.

Attention : Head of Marketing
This indicates that you do not know the name of the head of the marketing team and that the letter should be directed to the head of marketing.

Attention : Peter Hun – Marketing Department
This indicates that you know the name of the addressee, but not his/her designation. In that case, you should use the attention option. That means that the letter should be routed to the person Peter Hun who is in the marketing Department.
But these days this attention option is used to note that the core matter of the letters is for Mr. Peter Hun although the letter is addressed to the Head of the Marketing Department.

7. Salutation

Salutation is the formal way of addressing the person to whom you are writing the letter. This is used in all letters including social letters.
Here are the few typical examples of salutations.

Dear Sir,
Dear Madam Nancy,
Dear John Hun,
Dear Charri Vane,
Dear Mr. Ravi,
Dear Miss. Jothi,
Dear Mrs. Rajangam,
Dear Ms Leena,
Gentleman,
Gentlemen,
Ladies,
Ladies and Gentlemen,
To whom it may concern
Dear Subscriber,
Dear Dealer,
Dear Member,


In case you do not know the gender of the person to whom you are writing your letter, it is better to use the full name of the person.
Dear John Hun,
Dear Charri Vane,
The way in which you write the salutation will decide the way in which you will write the complimentary closing.

8. Subject of The Letter

You need not write the subject of the letter, in case your letter is so short. This is not a compulsory issue. But now a day, business letters are written with this. This should be written just below the salutation line. Normally this is types and underlines. You can type this either at the left-hand side or at the center. This is to indicate what is there in the letter. Just the most concise form of the letter should be mentioned here.
Examples :
CHEAP CRUISE TO SCANDINAVIA
SCANDINAVIAN VACATION
The subject of the letter becomes must when the letter is lengthy one.

9. Body of The Letter

Body of The Letter is the central part of the letter. That is why this is called body of the letter. This part fulfils the purpose of the letter. The main purpose of your letter may be acknowledgement, acceptance, order, command, apology, appreciation, congratulation, demand, felicitation, inquiry, request, reply, reminder, complaint, recognition, proposal, resignation, thanking, warning and welcome.
Be concise, clear and up to the point. Never beat around the bush. The person to whom you are writing this letter may not have time to read your letter, if you write a lengthy letter. In order to make your letter effective, make your letter as short as possible.
In case the subject matter of the letter happens to be lengthy, break it into few short paragraphs. Lengthy paragraphs are hard to read. Short ones are easier for reading.
If possible, complete your letter within one page. In case, the letter demands more than one page, the new page should be begun with a new paragraph. A new page with only one or two sentence may look awkward for the addressee.
Use P.T.O. (please Turn Over) or Continued in next page at the bottom of the previous page to indicate there is another page as the continuation of this page. The next page should start with -Page 2 - to indicate that this is the second page of the number.
A  good letter body should fulfill the following requirements :
• Concise / short : Never make up sentences just to make a letter look longer.
• Simple : Avoid making up complex sentences. Try to make up a simple sentence.
• Systematic : Always put your ideas in order from A to Z. ( From opening paragraph to closing paragraph there should not be any repetitions)
Body of the Letter consists of 3 paragraphs :
•  the opening paragraph
•  the content paragraph
•  the closing paragraph

10. Complimentary Closing

Complimentary Closing depends upon the formality of the salutation that you used in the letter.

Dear Sir : Yours Faithfully
Dear Madam : Yours Faithfully
Dear Mr. : Yours Sincerely or Yours Truly
Dear Mrs. : Yours Sincerely or Yours Truly
Dear Miss. : Yours Sincerely or Yours Truly
Dear Ms. : Yours Sincerely or Yours Truly
Although these types of expressions of complimentary closings are required, business world is not following these strictly these days.

The normal complimentary closings are :

Yours,
Very Truly Yours,
Yours Very Truly,
Sincerely,
Yours Sincerely,
Yours Cordially,
Cordially,
Yours Faithfully,
Faithfully,
The closings should be typed at the left-hand side just below the body of the letter. In few cases, it is used at the center of the letter just below the body of the letter.
Informal Closing: Less formal closings such as “Best wishes,” “Warm regards,” “Best,” “Thank you,” and “All the best” are still professional, but are best for letters to people with whom you enjoy an ongoing, friendly business relationship.

11 & 12. Signature & Name and Designation

Signature and Designation of the person who writes the letter should be added in the right place meant for it. The letter should be signed by the person who writes that letter. Then only the letter will be treated lawfully and authentically. A letter without the signature of the person who writes the letters will be names as anonymous letter.
There should be adequate space between the complimentary closing and the name and the designation of the person who is writing the letter. The space should be enough to sign.
After the introduction of computer, business world has started to produce computer generated letters in bulk. Those computer generated letters will not get the signature and the designation of the person who writes those letters. But that statement will be there in those letters. This practice is adopted to save the time of signing the letters individually and of checking those letters for spelling correctness. In that case, the same letter can be sent to various persons (addressees) after changing the name and the address of the recipient.

Examples :
Signature     Signature


  Adam Williams           Adam Williams
Customer Relation Manager

13. Postscript

You may think some other matters after the letter is written. In such situations, the postscript option can be used to add the new matter just below the signature. This implies that there are few more points you want to add to the letter.

14. Enclosures
Enclosures are used to support the core matter of the letter. Any additional information can be provided in separate sheets. Those sheets should be enclosed.
Just below the postscript, you should write Enc. or Encl. or Enclosure to indicate that there are enclosures attached with that letter.

Enc. (3)
Encl. (3)
Enclosure (3)

This indication means that there are three enclosures attached with the current letter.
15. Typist’s Name and Initials

The Initials of Typist can be added. In case there are many typists in a company, the typist’s initials are required to verify who types the letter. The typist’s initials should be added or types just below the enclosures. In the case of the computer generated letters, typist’s initials are not compulsory.




















BIBLIOGRAPHY

[1] Englet.com. (2016). Parts of Business Letters - Business Letter Samples - Englet.com. [online] Available at: http://www.englet.com/parts#TOP [Accessed 8 Nov. 2016].
[2] Effective-business-letters.com. (2016). Business Letters : Effective Business Letters. [online] Available at: http://www.effective-business-letters.com/Business-Letters-A.html [Accessed 8 Nov. 2016].
[3] En.wikipedia.org. (2016). Business letter. [online] Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_letter [Accessed 8 Nov. 2016].

Tugas Individu Jaringan Komputer Dasar Materi A

Nama : Arjuna Ryan Shakti Wibisono

NPM  : 21113382

Kelas  : 3KB01

MAC ADDRESS

MAC Address (Media Access Control Address) adalah sebuah alamat jaringan yang diimplementasikan pada lapisan data-link dalam tujuh lapisan model OSI, yang merepresentasikan sebuah node terntentu dalam jaringan dan merupaka sebuah metoe untuk menstransmisikan sinyal yang dimiliki oleh node-node yang terhubung ke jaringan tanpa terjadi konflik.

Dalam jaringan sebuah jaringan berbasis Ethernet, MAC address merupakan alamat yang unik, yang memiliki panjang 48-bit (6byte), yang mengidentifikasikan sebuah computer, interface dalam sebuah router, atau node lainnya dalam jaringan. MAC address juga sering disebut sebagai Ethernet address, Physical address, atau Hardware address.

MAC address mengizinkan perangkat-perangkat dalam jaringan agar dapat berkomunikasi antara satu dengan yang lainnya. Sebagai contoh, dalam sebuah jaringan berbasis teknologi Ethernet, setiap header dalam frame ethernet mengandung informasi mengnai MAC address dari komuter sumber (source) dan MAC address dari computer tujuan (destination). Beberapa perangkat, seperti halnya bridge dan switch layer-2 akan melihat pada informasi MAC address dari computer sumber dari setiap frame yang diterima dan menggunakan informasi MAC address ini untuk membuat “table routing” internal secara dinamis. Perangkat-perangkat tersebut pun kemudian menggunkana table yang baru dibuat itu untu meneruskan frame yang ia terima ke sebuah port atau segmen jaringan tertentu pada computer atau node yang memiliki MAC address tujuan berada.

MAC address ditetapkan ke sebuah kartu jaringan (NIC) yang digunakan untuk menghubungkan computer yang bersangkutan ke jaringan. MAC address umumnya tidak dapat diubah karena telah dimasukan ke dalam ROM. Beberapa kartu jaringan menyediakan utilitas yang mengizinkan pengguna untuk mengubah MAC address, meski hal ini kurang disarankan. Jika dalam sebuah jaringan terdapat 2 kartu jaringan yang memiliki MAC address yang sama, maka akan terjadi conflict alamat dan computer pun tidak dapat saling berkomunikasi antara satu dengan lainnya. Beberapa kartu jaringan, seperti halya kartu Token Ring akan mengharuskan pengguna untuk mengatur MAC address, sebelum dapat digunakan. MAC addres memang harus unik dan itulah ,IEEE mengalokasi blok-blok dalam MAC address. 24 bit pertama dari MAC address akan merepresentasikan siapa pembuat kartu tersebut dan 24 bit sisanya merepresentasikan nomor kartu tersebut. Setiap kelompok 24 bit tersebut dapat dipresentasikan dengan menggunakan enam digit bilangan heksadesimal sehingga menjadikan total 12 bit bilangan heksadesimal yang merepresentaikan keseluruhan MAC address. Berikut merupakan table beberapa pembuat kartu jaringan populer dan nomor identifikasi dalam MAC address.

Nama vendor	Alamat MAC
Cisco Systems	00 00 0C
Cabletron Systems	00 00 1D
Internasional Business Machine Corporation	00 04 AC
3Com Corporation	00 20 AF
GVC Corporation	00 C0 A8
Apple Computer	08 00 07
Hewlett-Packard Company	08 00 09

Beberapa utilitas jaringan dapat menampilkan MAC address, yakni sebagai berikut :

      ·         IPCONFIG (dalam Windows NT, Windows 2000, Windows XP, dan Windows Server 2003)

      ·         WINIPCFG (dalam Windows 95, Window 98, dan Window Millennium Edition)

      ·         /sbin/ifconfig (dalam keluarga system operasi UNIX)

Macam-Macam Metode Media Access Control

Metode kontrol akses media diimplementasikan pada lapisan data-link dari tujuh lapisan dari model referensi OSI. Secara khusus, metode ini diterapkan bahkan dalam lapisan khusus pada lapisan data link, sublayer Media Access Control, selain Logical Link Control sublayer.

Ada empat metode kontrol akses media yang digunakan dalam jaringan lokal, yaitu :

1.       Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD)

Metode ini digunakan dalam jaringan Ethernet half-duplex (jaringan Ethernet full-duplex menggunakan media yang beralih daripada menggunakan media bersama yang tidak memerlukan metode ini). CSMA / CD adalah metode akses jaringan yang paling populer digunakan dalam  jaringan lokal, jika dibandingkan dengan akses jaringan metode teknologi lainnya. CSMA / CD didefinisikan dalam spesifikasi IEEE 802.3 yang dirilis oleh Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE).

2.      Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA)

Metode ini digunakan dalam teknologi jaringan AppleTalk dan beberapa bentuk jaringan nirkabel (wireless network), serta IEEE 802.11a, IEEE 802.11b dan IEEE 802.11g. Untuk AppleTalk, CSMA / CA didefinisikan dalam IEEE 802.3, sementara untuk jaringan nirkabel didefinisikan dalam IEEE 802.11.

3.      Token Passing

Metode ini digunakan dalam teknologi jaringan Token Ring dan Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI). Standar Token Ring didefinisikan dalam IEEE 802.5, sementara FDDI didefinisikan oleh American National Standards Institute (ANSI).

4.       Demand priority

Digunakan dalam jaringan dengan teknologi 100VG-AnyLAN dan didefinisikan dalam standar IEEE 802,12. Dalam implementasi jaringan, dukungan jaringan semacam network interface card, switch, atau router, metode kontrol akses diimplementasikan menggunakan algoritma MAC (MAC algoritma). Meskipun algoritma MAC untuk Ethernet dan Token Ring telah didefinisikan oleh standar IEEE dan tersedia untuk umum, beberapa algoritma MAC untuk Ethernet full-duplex dipatenkan oleh produsen dan telah menulis sering keras-kode ke dalam sirkuit terpadu keping Aplikasi-spesifik (ASIC) yang dimiliki oleh perangkat.

Saluran Dinamik Pada LAN dan MAN

Terdapat beberapa asumsi saluran dinamik pada LAN dan MAN, sebagai berikut :

a. Model Stasiun

Model terdiri dari N buah stasiun yang independent (komputer, telepon, alat komunikasi pribadi pribadi, dll), yang masing-masing memiliki program atau pengguna yang menghasilkan frame untuk transmisi.

b. Asumsi Saluran Tunggal

Tersedia bagi semua jenis komunikasi. Semua stasiun dapat mentransmisikan  dan  menerima melalui saluran tersebut.

c. Asumsi Tabrakan

Bila 2 frame ditransmisikan bersamaan, keduanya bertumpang tindih waktunya dan akan menyebabkan signal rusak (collision). Semua stasiun dapat mendeteksinya dan meminta transmisi ulang.

d. Waktu Kontinu

Transmisi frame dapat dilakukan setiap saat. Tidak terdapat master clock yang membagi waktu menjadi interval-interval diskrit

e. Waktu Slot

Waktu dibagi menjadi interval-interval diskrit (slot). Transmisi frame selalu dimulai pada awal sebuah slot. Sebuah slot dapat berisi 0, 1 atau lebih frame, yang masing-masing berhubungan dengan slot yang idle, transmisi yang berhasil dan tabrakan.

f. Carrier Sense

Stasiun daoat mengetahui bahwa saluran yang sedang dipakai sebelum mencoba  menggunakannya. Bila saluran sedang sibuk, maka tidak akan ada stasiun yang akan mencoba menggunakannya sampai saluran tersebut berada dalam keadaan idle.

g. No Carrier Sense

Stasiun tidak dapat merasakan keadaan suatu saluran sebelum menggunakannya. Stasiun mencoba menggunakan saluran dan melakukan transmisi. Setelah beberapa saat kemudian stasiun akan mengetahui bahwa apakah transmisi tersebut berhasil atau gagal.

Multiple Access Protocols

a. ALOHA Murni

Ide dasarnya : Membiarkan pengguna untuk melakukan transmisi kapan saja bila memiliki data yang akan dikirimkan. Tentu saja akan terjadi tabrakan, dan frame-frame yang bertabrakan akan hancur. Dengan sifat umpan balik dari broadcasting, pengirim selalu mengetahui kondisi frame bersangkutan. Sketsa pembuatan frame adalah memaksimalkan penggunaan ukuran frame daripada mengijinkan frame-frame yang panjangnya bervariabel.

b. ALOHA Ber-slot

Meningkatkan kapasitas sistem ALOHA,  yaitu membagi waktu kedalam interval-interval diskrit, yang masing-masing intervalnya berkaitan dengan sebuah frame.Komputer tidak diijinkan untuk mengirimkan sesuatu setiap saat tombol ENTER diketikkan. Akan tetapi, pengiriman frame memerlukan waktu tunggu sampai awal slot berikutnya. Jadi aloha murni yang kontinu diubah menjadi metode diskrit.

KESIMPULAN

Media Access Control menjelaskan pentingnya dilakukan mekanisme kontrol atas pemakaian  channel komunikasi oleh beberapa node yang hendak melakukan transmisi / pengiriman data.

Control atas channel ini dimaksudkan agar tidak terjadi benturan / tabrakan / collision diantara data-data yang dikirimkan oleh beberapa node yang hendak melakukan transmisi. Terdapat juga beberapa macam Media Access Control yaitu :

Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD)

b. Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA)

c. Token Passing

d. Demand priority

\ Terdapat beberapa saluran dinamik pada LAN dan MAN, sebagai berikut :

a. Model Stasiun

b. Asumsi Saluran Tunggal

c. Asumsi Tabrakan

d. Waktu Kontinu

e. Waktu Slot

f. Carrier Sense

g. No Carrier Sense

Terdapat juga beberapa Multiple Access Protocols

a. ALOHA Murni

b. ALOHA Ber-slot

DAFTAR PUSTAKA

Victor Haryanto, Edy.2012. Jaringan Komputer. Yogyakarta:Penerbit Andi

URL : http://www.dosenpendidikan.com/pengertian-dan-fungsi-media-access-control-menurut-badan-ibm/. 2 April 2016

URL : http://kuliah.dinus.ac.id/ika/kmdt12.html. 2 April 2016